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Causes


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Aggression
Aggression is hostile behavior or the initiation of an attack.
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Complexity
Complexity refers to the numbers of factors involved in a conflict: the numbers of parties, issues, technical facts, etc. Higher complexity can make resolution more difficult.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Conflict Profiteers
Conflict profiteers are people who benefit from the continuation of a conflict. These benefits may be financial, political or social.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Dehumanization
Dehumanization has the power to justify society's most violent and terrible impulses. If outsiders such as the Jews in Germany or the Tutsis in Rwanda are seen as less than human, then this clears the way to commit atrocities against them.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
Recommended References: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Distribution of Wealth
Plutarch wrote, "An imbalance between rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of all republics." This series of essays deals with the power inequities that have existed in almost all human societies.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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External Supporters
External supporters play a critical role in many conflicts. They range from sympathizers to people with more selfish agendas.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Extremists and Spoilers
Extremists are people who take extreme views--those which are much stronger, and often more fixed than other people's views of the same situation. In escalated conflicts, extremists may advocate violent responses, while more moderate disputants will advocate less extreme measures.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Globalization
Globalization is the ongoing process of linking people around the world: economically, socially, and culturally. In terms of conflict, globalization has benefits and costs. Some people think it will reduce international conflicts by increasing interdependence, others see the inequities inherent in the way it is happening as a major cause of conflict.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Hate Crimes
Hate crime is a criminal offense that is perpetrated by an individual or group of individuals, against a member or members of a specific social or cultural group that is motivated by a hatred toward that group.
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High-Stakes Distributional Issues
These are distributional conflicts that really matter: over jobs, land, a parent's love. Since the stakes are high, the willingness to compromise or lose may be low, making resolution more difficult.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Human Needs

Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Identity(View Additional Sub-Topics)
Identity refers to the way people see themselves; the groups they feel a part of, the significant aspects of themselves that they use to describe themselves to others. Identity issues underlie many very difficult conflicts, as identity is very deeply-rooted and non-compromisable. So perceived threats to one's identity make conflict inevitable.
Summary Articles: CRInfo -- From Beyond Intractability Project
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Intolerable Moral Differences
Intractable moral conflicts tend to arise when one group views the beliefs and actions of another group as being so fundamentally evil that they exceed the bounds of tolerance. The abortion debate in the United States is an example of a moral conflict.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Into-the-Sea Framing
When a conflict becomes intractable, many people hope that their enemy will simply disappear. They pursue overwhelming victory without ever really considering the fact that they will still have to live with their enemies after the conflict.
Recommended References: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Intractable Conflict, Underlying Causes

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Nationalism
Nationalism is an extension of identity group conflicts in which feelings of identity coincide with loyalty to one's nation-state or national group, even when a formal nation-state does not exist (as with the Palestinians.)
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Poverty and Conflict
Poverty is a primary cause of conflict, yet conflict prevents successful development programs designed to alleviate poverty.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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Social Psychological Dimensions of Conflict(View Additional Sub-Topics)
These dimensions include emotions (fear, distrust, hotility) as well as processes such as framing, stereotyping, and scapegoating.
Summary Articles: From Beyond Intractability Project
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